Coletânea de textos: 1.Idealismo transcendental, naturalismo e um pouco de história, Adriano Naves de Brito; 2. Ceticismo e a reconstrução de P.F. Strawson da dedução kantiana das categorias, Pedro Stepanenko; 3. Dedução Transcendental e Ceticismo, Marco Antonio Franciotti; 4. Strawson e Kant sobre a dualidade entre intuições e conceitos, Roberto Horácio de Sá Pereira; 5. Princípio de significatividade em Kant e Strawson, Cristina de Moraes Nunes; 6. Strawson e Kant sobre a Liberdade, Albertinho Luiz Gallina e Cecília Rearte (...) Terrosa; 7. Argumentos Transcendentais e Metafísica Descritiva em P. F. Strawson, Itamar Luís Gelain; 8. Breve consideração sobre o problema da tese da aprioridade do espaço e do tempo, Juan Adolfo Bonaccini; 9. Os novos fundamentos da metafísica estabelecidos por Kant, Peter F. Strawson, Trad. Jaimir Conte; 10. Imaginação e percepção, Peter F. Strawson, Trad. Ítalo Lins Lemos. (shrink)

The present paper is concerned with the contemporary literature about social construction of human kinds made by analytic philosophers. In the first section I discuss the difference between social construction of idea and of object (human kinds). In the second section I discuss the difference between causal and constitutive modalities for the construction of human kinds. In the third section I examine other taxonomies. In the fourth section I analyze a specific scientific theory using the taxonomies before presented. These taxonomies (...) allow a more complex approaching for social construction, including socially constructed biological kinds and biologically caused social kinds. (shrink)

We usually don’t acknowledge social mediation when speaking about subjective experiences in day-to-day life, which relies instead on a unitary and essentialist notion of identity. I initially explore this statement by examining how Kant changes his view on singular-universal relation from the first to the third Critique. A closer look at the reflexive judgment and how it states singularity as a non-conceptualised event follows from that. I then argue in favour of an affinity between an aesthetic notion of singularity, such (...) as found in the third Critique, and the political mobilisation of subjective experiences. (shrink)

El presente trabajo es un estudio del libro de Martin Kusch acerca den las tesis sostenidas en "Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language" (WRPL) por Saul Kripke examinado a la luz de la controversia desatada por la publicación del mismo en 1982, una de las más intensas que han ocurrido en los últimos 25 años en el seno de la filosofía analítica. En nuestro estudio procedemos en tres etapas. En la primera, presentaremos el desafío del Wittgenstein de Kripke de una (...) manera lo más neutral que podemos. En la segunda, presentaremos las características más notables trabajo de Kusch. En la tercera parte rebasamos los límites más estrictos de un comentario crítico para proponer una hipótesis propia acerca de la manera en la que la interpretación de Kusch permite comprender el vínculo de la propuesta de Kripke con la discusión clásica acerca del lenguaje privado como así también la discusión clásica permite realizar algunas observaciones críticas acerca de la propuesta de Kusch. (shrink)

Resumo: A violência doméstica contra as mulheres é um mal que atinge todo o mundo e que é prati- cado comumente no interior das residências, pelas pessoas de seu convívio íntimo. Apesar da grande subnotificação, as polícias estaduais recebem alta demanda de denúncias dessa natureza. Diante das dificuldades de atuação policial inerentes a essa violência, uma estratégia de prevenção e intervenção a ser considerada é a entrevista motivacional: uma abordagem colaborativa que visa a mudança de comportamento baseada em estímulos com (...) foco na ambivalência. Baseamo-nos na premissa de que essa abordagem vem mudando comportamentos nocivos em várias áreas com resultados promissores, inclusive na violência doméstica, podendo, assim, contribuir para a interrupção do ciclo da violência. Esse artigo, fundamentado em pesquisa bibliográfica de abordagem qualitativa, analisa em que medida a entrevista motivacional pode ser aplicada pela polícia nos casos de violência doméstica contra a mulher. (shrink)

In debates concerning the consequence argument, it has long been claimed that [McKay, T. J., and D. Johnson. 1996. “A Reconsideration of an Argument Against Compatibilism.” Philosophical Topics 24 (2): 113–122] demonstrated the invalidity of rule (β). Here, I argue that their result is not as robust as we might like to think. First, I argue that McKay and Johnson's counterexample is successful if one adopts a certain interpretation of ‘no choice about’ and if one is willing to deny the (...) conditional excluded middle principle. In order to make this point I demonstrate that (β) is valid on Stalnaker's theory of counterfactuals. This result is important and should not be neglected, I argue, because there is a particular line of objection to the revised formulations of the consequence argument that does not succeed against the original version. (shrink)

This paper aims to map the different theoretical options related to the Precautionary Principle (PP). Great part of the literature on it can be systematized by answering to three different questions: is there a basic structure in the PP? If so, in which interpretation of the PP does this structure express itself? Finally, are its damage or knowledge conditions fixed or adjustable? The first question separates realist from non-realist approaches. The second question allows us to discriminate monist, dualist, or pluralist (...) positions in relation to the three interpretations of the PP: decision rule, procedural requirement, or epistemic rule. Finally, the third question distinguishes rigid from non-rigid formulations of the principle. Based on this mapping, one can not only navigate through the different formulations of the PP present both in official documents and in specialized literature, but also deflect some of its common objections, and understand Hans Jonas’ eventual connection with PP. Notwithstanding, this mapping does not capture other important themes attached to PP, which motivates a final distinction between narrow and broader forms of PP. (shrink)

Resumen: Con el hilo conductor de la pregunta «¿Estuviste en la Jornada Mundial de la Juventud?» se presenta un testimonio sobre la JMJ en Roma en el año 2000 y una reflexión sobre la JMJ en general. A pesar de su carácter de mega-concentración, la JMJ tiene elementos suficientes para proporcionar una experiencia personalizada de fe. Todo depende, al final, de la disposición interna del participante. En la JMJ la fe es presentada no solo de un modo racional, sino apelando (...) a la afectividad, la imaginación y los sentidos. -/- // Abstract: The question «Did you go to World Youth Day?» is used as a line of reflection about the WYD in Rome in the year 2000 and about WYD in general. Despite being a mega-concentration of people, WYD has sufficient elements to provide a personalized experience of faith. Everything depends, in the end, on the internal disposition of the participant. In WYD faith is presented not only in its rational aspect, but also in a way that appeals to affectivity, the imagination and the senses. (shrink)

A cidade nas práticas artísticas [The city in artistic practices] is the result of the work developed, of the presentations and the debates held within the cycle of seminars “The experience of the city between art and philosophy”, held between 3 March 2020 and 16 June 2021 (calendar dramatically compromised by the challenges of the COVID 19 pandemic), one of the main activities of the OBRA project — Fragmentation and Reconfiguration: experiencing the city between art and philosophy, based at IFILNOVA (...) — Philosophy Institute of NOVA, in Lisbon. The book is divided into five parts, relating to each of the artistic disciplines to which the seminars were dedicated – cinema, photography, sound arts, literature and architecture —, which are edited by the organizers responsible for each of them — respectively, Susana Viegas, Humberto Brito, Nuno Fonseca João Oliveira Duarte and Susana Ventura — and composed of the respective narrated accounts of each seminar and of short essays, some merely textual, others graphical or even photographic, which are either in-depth versions of the reflections and positions that were presented and debated by the participants and guests, or works that motivated and inspired the work of the seminars. The seminar cycle and the book now presented here intend to reflect on the role of artistic practices in the representation and reconfiguration of urban experience, trying to understand their different attempts to apprehend and express the fragmentation of aesthetic experience in modern and contemporary cities, as well as to evaluate their contribution to an eventual symbolic and imaginative reconfiguration of that experience. Each section tries, in its own way, to answer questions such as: How do these arts think and reinvent the city? What do they make us feel? And what is their social and political role? For reasons that are easy to understand, Lisbon was the starting point, but other cities were also part of the journey. (shrink)

How does economics understand the human being? In this article, I present the current dominant conception of the human being in neoclassical theory, which is usually labelled as 'homo oeconomicus' (economic man). I describe the traits of this anthropology, and present the historical context in which it emerged. Then I make its critical evaluation. This is followed by a discussion of two recent alternative conceptions of the human being, which try to go beyond the individualist 'homo economicus' paradigm. I highlight (...) the recent contributions of John B. Davis and Luigino Bruni. Finally I reflect on some elements of Christian anthropology which can contribute to enrich the conception of the person in economics. (shrink)

La obra es un estudio de una de las nociones fundamentales en la filosofía de Gadamer, el concepto de aplicación. Se intenta dar cuenta de la manera en que dicho concepto viene a solucionar, o tal vez sería mejor decir, a disolver, en la reflexión del siglo XX, el problema que enfrentaban las ciencias históricas en el siglo XIX para convertirse en conocimiento objetivo. Dicho problema consistía en dos importantes dificultades vinculadas entre sí: la imposibilidad de disponer de un objeto (...) independiente, el pasado “tal cual ocurrió” para confrontar la adecuación de las visiones del mismo constituidas desde el presente, por un lado, y la imposibilidad de erradicar la perspectiva del presente (intereses, ideologías, etc.)en los relatos históricos. Para abordar este problema, Gadamer acomete nada menos que una revisión de las categorías fundamentales en las cuales se inserta esta dificultad, esto es, las nociones de conocimiento, realidad y verdad modeladas, a través de Kant, de acuerdo a la perspectiva de la moderna ciencia de la naturaleza. Un paso fundamental será entonces examinar el problema del valor cognitivo del arte, esto es, elucidar las nociones de realidad y experiencia a partir de la experiencia artística, para extender luego estas conclusiones a la historia y el lenguaje. En el marco de esta revisión se perfila el concepto de aplicación, el cual destaca que nuestra condición de agentes históricos, insertos en una tradición y en una comunidad lingüística, no es un obstáculo, sino justamente la condición que hace posible que podamos comprender lo diferente a lo propio, ya sea en la forma de la alteridad histórica, lingüística o meramente personal. La tesis de la obra que presentamos es que la estructura de la aplicación, con la consecuente historicidad que acarrea, se presenta de manera semejante tanto en las macro-estructuras de la comprensión (comprensión de textos, de la tradición, del arte) como en las estructuras de un nivel inferior o más básico, como la realización de juicios y la comprensión de conceptos, punto que se elabora, en esta obra, a través de una comparación con las ideas del segundo Wittgenstein. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to explore infinite sets and classes by mean hyperoperations. With ideal notion, the idea of extending infinite sets is as large as those objects. In this paper, extensions with hyperoperations are realized, like factorial, derivative, integral and operations between vector spaces. The ideas about infinite and count are enlarged.

This article aims to discuss psychoanalytic cure as a particular kind of health dispositive. I argue that, when psychoanalysts leave the critique of concepts such as healthiness, normality and cure behind, our praxis could perpetuate violent social values. Initially, I explore how our expectations of healthiness and normality are socially mediated through a return to the Freudian notion of “love and work”. Two sections are specifically dedicated to analyzing each of these figures, respectively. Such demonstration sustain itself in an approximation (...) to the liberal concepts of work and love. My argument concludes with a critical appropriation of the Lacanian concepts of analytical act and sinthome, which I suggest could help us build a clinical praxis engaged with social emancipation. That opens room for a new, critically oriented reading of healthiness and cure. (shrink)

Rigidity does interesting philosophical work, with important consequences felt throughout metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, and so on. The authors’ aim in this article is to show that rigidity has yet another role to play, with surprising consequences for the problem of free will and determinism, for the phenomenon of rigidity has the upshot that some metaphysically necessary truths are up to us. The significance of this claim is shown in the context of influential arguments against free will. The authors (...) show that some virtually indisputable inference rules employed in formulations of the Consequence Argument, as well as in fatalistic arguments, fail with a variety of counter-examples. Along the way, the authors compare the present arguments to other, similar arguments made in recent years. (shrink)

One important objection to the Condition Of ReasonNable Epistemic Access (CORNEA) is that it is incompatible with inductive evidence. This objection, however, relies on a counterfactual interpretation of CORNEA, and Wykstra and Perrine have shown that CORNEA need not be interpreted in that way, but rather in terms of conditional probability. Here, we show that there is an important gap in this recent response to the counterfactual-based criticism of CORNEA. We argue that the main response to this criticism ultimately depends (...) on a specific semantics for counterfactual conditionals. More specifically, it ultimately depends on the denial of the conditional excluded middle principle. We then investigate and suggest a hitherto unknown defense of CORNEA’s counterfactual interpretation. (shrink)

El presente trabajo confronta el abordaje de la cuestión del sujeto en Louis Althusser y Ludwig Wittgenstein. La comparación se produce porque el tratamiento del lenguaje de la filosofía del segundo Wittgenstein es particularmente apropiado para abordar la intervención del discurso en el proceso por el cual la ideología interpela a los individuos como sujetos, según Althusser. El descentramiento del sujeto obliga a repensar la dimensión de la agencia, y con ella, la de la política. Tanto Wittgenstein como Althusser desembocan (...) en una encrucijada: negación teórica de la noción de sujeto y reconocimiento de la existencia paradójica de la misma en la práctica. Ello implica deconstruir el par "determinismo-libertad" sobre el que se asienta la pregunta por la agencia. Sobre el final retomamos el trabajo de Michel Pêcheux sobre los efectos retroactivos del discurso, lo que implica un replanteo del vocabulario de la determinación, prominente en los escritos althusserianos. -:-:-:-:--:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-ABSTRACT:- The present paper compares Ludwig Wittgenstein’s and Louis Althusser’s approach to the problem of subject. This comparison is motivated by the fact that second Wittgenstein’s approach to language is particularly appropriate to think of the intervention of discourse in the process of ideological interpellation which, according to Althusser,constitutes individuals as subjects. The decentering of the involved subject requires rethinking the dimension of agency and, consequently, of politics. Both, Wittgenstein and Althusser, end in a crossroads: they refuse theoretical prominence to the notion of the subject, but at the same time they recognise the practical priority of this notion, which gives it a sort of paradoxical existence. This implies deconstructing the pair “determinism–liberty” where the priority of agency is located. We end with the work of Michel Pêcheux on the retroactive effects of discourse, that entail (in agreement with Wittgenstein) rethinking the vocabulary of determination, prominent in Althusserian writings. (shrink)

Through an analysis of Heloise’s third letter to Peter Abelard, and the insertion of this letter in the major context of correspondance and philosophical/theological discussion lead by Abelard, this article states that there is a triple reading approach to it: the first one is directed related with the letter’s theme and can be read as a criticism of monastic environment on 12th Century; the second one is inserted in the discussion of their correspondence, and states a continuity between the second (...) and the third letters, despite the difference on the themes; the last one is the view of how the female body, understood as a starting point to Heloise’s Christian personal experience, refutes Abelard’s inicial proposition, that is, that the body is abject. (shrink)

Brian Cutter objected to the consequence argument due to its dependence on the principle that miracle workers are metaphysically impossible. A miracle worker is someone who has the ability to act in a way such that the laws of nature would be violated. While there is something to the thought that agents like us do not have this ability, Cutter claims that there is no compelling reason to regard miracle workers as metaphysically impossible. However, the paper contends that miracle workers (...) are indeed impossible according to well-known theories concerning the laws of nature. This result highlights the reliance of the consequence argument on a plausible premise, which is widely accepted by proponents of non-Humean views of laws. The paper also provides a way to explain away the intuition that miracle workers are possible, but this has the upshot that a recent, two-dimensional formulation of the consequence argument is unsound. (shrink)

We explore Peirce’s pragmatic conception of sign action, as a distributed and emergent view of cognition and exemplify with the emergence of classical ballet. In our approach, semiosis is a temporally distributed process in which a regular tendency towards certain future outcomes emerges out of a history of sign actions. Semiosis self-organizes in time, in a process that continuously entails the production of more signs. Emergence is a ubiquitous condition in this process: the translation of signs into signs cannot be (...) inferred from the properties of the components of a semiotic triad alone, but has to take into account a complex interaction between a micro-semiotic and macro-semiotic level of description. This interaction can be understood as an interplay of potentialities and tendencies, or upward constitutive determinative relations and downward selective determinative relations. According to this view, emergence is a central defining condition of processes of meaning. Ballet is a sign in action. The emergence of classical ballet is a self-regulatory process, in which a system of different kinds of cognitive artifacts (musical, bodily/motor, spatial/architectonic) and agents obtained a stable semiotic relation throughout many phases of development between the 16th and the 19th Century. One case is the development of the verticality of dance in classical ballet as a semiotic relation connecting proscenium arch stages, dancing bodies, and audiences. This development is micro-semiotically determined by the spatial constraints of the proscenium arch stage, and macro-semiotically determined by a historical construction of the dancing body as a sign within a network of semiotic chains, such as the intersemiotic regulation of body of the dancer by principles coming from painting. This is not only the emergence of actual meaning, but also the emergence of an open-ended field of potential and general meanings, an autonomous tendency of development. To say that ballet, as sign action, emerges, is to say that cognitive artifacts such as dancer’s bodies, stages and audience’s point of view, musical compositions, costumes, all sorts of supporting institutions, etc, constitute a niche for sign action, interacting according to tendencies of development that didn’t exist before. (shrink)

The paper presents an extension of the metaphysics of self-subsisting structures set out in a companion paper to the realm of non-relativistic quantum physics. The discussion is centered around a Pure Shape Dynamics model representing a relational implementation of a de Broglie-Bohm N-body system. An interpretation of this model in terms of self-subsisting structures is proposed and assessed against the background of the debate on the metaphysics of quantum physics, with a particular emphasis on the nature of the wave function. (...) The analysis shows that elaborating an appropriate Leibnizian/Machian metaphysics of the quantum world requires a substantial revision of the notion of world-building relation. (shrink)

The normative phenomenon is ubiquitous in human interactions, emerging in a wide range of fields studied by social science and considered as one of the essential traits of human’s way of life. The modern subjectivist tradition of social science has been based on a model in which elements like self, freedom and reason play the most relevant roles in explaining normativity by connecting beliefs to behaviors by means of motives that are non-reducible to preferences, desires or impulses. In this paper (...) I will discuss normativity in general in order to turn into normativity as it is conceived in social science and then with a focus on normativity based on reasons. I will argue in favor of a naturalistic approach to normativity by means of a defense of a concept of will, which can provide a bridge between social and natural science, rather than giving further reason to sustain a dualistic approach to them. Moreover, I will claim that mental qualities usually alleged to be essential for assigning personality, agency, and moral responsibility, such as rationality, self-consciousness, and freedom, are neither sufficient nor necessary for a naturalistic characterization of moral agents, or for explaining normativity in human evaluative practices. (shrink)

No vastíssimo campo de estudos da obra de Platão, constatamos que os (as) especialistas mais respeitados (as) têm posições por vezes completamente divergentes. Em parte, por um lado, isso decorre da riqueza e da complexidade dessa obra; em boa medida, por outro lado, também decorre de diferentes métodos ou formas de abordar os Diálogos que os (as) intérpretes adotam. Diante disso, surge naturalmente a questão de como deveríamos ler essas obras. No entanto, analisando as diferentes abordagens usadas, pode-se notar que (...) as respostas a uma questão anterior frequentemente acabam determinando, não raro de modo tácito, as respotas a como ler os Diálogos e a abordagem adotada na prática. Essa questão anterior é a de qual seria a função precípua dos Diálogos, que tende a se confundir com a questão de o que no fundo seriam os Diálogos. Por exemplo, os (as) estudiosos (as) que na sua interpretação tendem a focar nas teses e nos argumentos (em detrimento dos elementos dramáticos e literários) supõem em geral que estão lidando com obras "filosóficas" e que devem cumprir, portanto, funções "filosóficas", como (segundo determinada concepção em geral pressuposta de filosofia) definir um conceito, responder uma questão teórica com argumentos racionais, fundamentar (ou questionar) a possibilidade de uma ciência do mundo e coisas desse jaez. Por outro lado, estudiosos (as) que focam nos aspectos dramáticos e literários consideram que estão interpretando obras literárias e que, portanto, não necessariamente cumpririam funções ou atividades filosóficas, mas antes fariam aquilo que seria próprio de obras literárias. Diante disso, eu gostaria de abordar uma dessas hipóteses frequentemente utilizadas, de forma explícita ou não, acerca da função dos Diálogos, qual seja, a de que essas obras ou pelo menos algumas delas fariam a defesa de Sócrates da acusação pela qual foi condenado à morte. Comparando a acusação com passagens dos Diálogos, pretendo mostrar que deveríamos descartar essa hipótese ao lê-los. Os ganhos exegéticos disso seriam consideráveis; um deles seria pararmos de tentar tornar corretos a todo custo, e muitas vezes em detrimento do próprio texto, os argumentos de Sócrates e passarmos, em vez disso, a analisá-los de forma mais crítica. (shrink)

En su célebre artículo sobre la ideología y los aparatos ideológicos de estado, Althusser indicaba que las evidencias por las cuales una palabra “designa una cosa” o “posee una significación” se ubicaban, junto con la evidencia de ser sujetos, al nivel de los efectos ideológicos fundamentales. Por otra parte, Althusser destacaba la carencia de una teoría de la garantía ideológica. Con la primera observación, Althusser se limitaba a señalar un paralelo, sin establecer una conexión. Con la segunda, llegaba a fijar (...) una meta teórica. En el presente trabajo intentaremos reconstruir el trayecto recorrido por Michel Pêcheux para establecer una conexión allí donde Althusser designó una analogía, e intentaremos mostrar cómo el desarrollo de esta conexión permite establecer las líneas generales de una teoría de la garantía ideológica. Nos concentramos en Les vérités de La Palice (1975), en particular en la operación que, siguiendo los límites de lo que Pêcheux denomina “el materialismo de Frege”, intenta convertir en regla lo que en el campo del pensamiento fregeano se presentaba como un non-sens: que el sentido de las palabras, expresiones y proposiciones se viera afectado por su asociación con otras palabras, expresiones y proposiciones. A partir de allí seguimos la construcción de los conceptos fundamentales con los que Pêcheux intenta definir un “nuevo objeto”: formación discursiva, proceso discursivo, interdiscurso, discurso transverso e intradiscurso, guiado por dos mecanismos discursivos extrapolados de la reflexión fregeana: el de lo preconstruido y el de la articulación o efecto de sostén (grosso modo: procesos metafóricos y metonímicos). Intentaremos destacar dos puntos: que los mecanismos discursivos identificados están sometidos a una divergencia (décalage), a partir del cual pueden comenzar a pensarse las paradojas de la interpelación ideológica sin sucumbir a sus evidencias. La divergencia a la que aludimos consiste en que la inscripción del proceso sin sujeto en la ideología requiere la duplicación de los elementos para que puedan actuar sobre sí como si fueran otros que sí mismos. Insistiremos en que es esta divergencia o contradicción, interna a la forma sujeto, y no la propia forma sujeto, lo que constituye el motor del proceso. Por otra parte, intentaremos mostrar que los dos mecanismos aludidos dan lugar a una concepción dual del sujeto ideológico, por el cual éste está sometido a la “garantía empírica”, por la que el sujeto se identifica a sí mismo, a los otros y al mundo de objetos que lo rodea, y a la “garantía especulativa”, que produce el retorno de lo universal de la formación discursiva en el discurso del sujeto. El paso continuo de una forma de garantía a la otra (de la posición del sujeto del discurso como enunciador a su posición de sujeto universal, pretendido “sujeto de la ciencia” por medio de la identificación con el otro) da cuenta del hecho de que “la ideología no tiene afuera”, ya que tiende a absorber espontáneamente cualquier discrepancia en la forma sujeto, o ruptura con la misma, en el interior de la forma sujeto. (shrink)

El presente escrito presenta la tesis del yo y el mundo como partes de la apariencia ilusoria transcendental en Kant. En el capítulo de los paralogismos se exhibe la dimensión subjetiva de la apariencia bajo el modo de la subrepción del yo, mientras que el capítulo de las antinomias expone la determinación objetiva de la apariencia a partir de la dinámica de los conflictos eidéticos del mundo. Desde la perspectiva más amplia, ambas doctrinas ejercen la crítica de la apariencia del (...) yo y el mundo en el pensamiento de Kant. (shrink)

Special issue: "Henri Bergson. Creative Evolution and Philosophy of Life." -/- I read the genealogy of the concept of energy through Bergson's Creative Evolution to argue that, historically, energy and its proto-concepts are grounded in spatialized notions of time. Bergson's work not only demands that we rethink energy and its relation to time, it also allows us to see that the concept of energy as we know it depicts time and materiality as a numerical multiplicity, which effaces the differences in (...) kind which are characteristic of energy transformations and real duration. To make this case, I first provide an analysis of Bergson’s concept of the cinematographical mechanism of thought, which splits duration into a composition of distinct states strung together by the idea of an impersonal becoming. Bergson claimed that this is the epistemological model for both ancient philosophy and modern science, meaning that it is also the epistemological ground within which energy concepts in western philosophy and science have been theorized. I then show how Bergson offers a way to overcome this model of theorizing through his method of intuition, and how these conclusions might be extended to future energy concepts. Thus, I argue that 1) Bergson’s work on duration allow us to interpret the genealogy of energy as the history of attempts to provide an account of change in terms of spatialized notions of time; 2) that his work offers a way of incorporating historicity into our understanding of energy; and 3) that thinking energy in the context of duration offers the possibility of conceptualizing energy as change. (shrink)

El Tractatus Logico-philosophicus es una obra filosófica de una enorme complejidad. Su estilo es sentencioso, por momentos oracular, otras veces casi telegráfico, de manera que en muchas ocasiones cuesta discernir los nexos entre las diversas proposiciones. Con todo, en el "Prólogo", en particular en sus observaciones sobre la cuestión del límite, Wittgenstein proporciona algunas indicaciones de las que conviene tomar debida nota para la interpretación de la obra. Este trabajo es fundamentalmente una propuesta de interpretación de estas observaciones, de su (...) proyección sobre el Tractatus, de su relevancia para comprender la naturaleza, de la ruptura operada por Wittgenstein en las Investigaciones filosóficas. -/- THE PROBLEM OF THE LIMIT AND THE TRACTATUS AS A TRANSCENDENTAL REFLECTION Tractatus Logico-philosophicus is a very complex philosophical work. It is writen by means of short phrases in a oracular style. Some parts are telegraphic, in such a way that it becomes difficult to elucidate the links among the different propositions. However, in the "preface", in particular in his remarks about the cuestion of the limit, Wittgenstein gives us some indications that we should consider carefully in order to interpret his work. This paper is basically a proposal to interpret the above mentioned remarks, of how they illuminate Tractatus, of how they are relevant to understand the nature of the profound change that Wittgenstein introduces in Philosophical Investigations. (shrink)

The following paper puts the history of race and colonialism in conversation with the history of the concept of energy. The objective is to understand what a critical decolonial perspective can teach us about the central role that energy plays in western culture, materially and epistemologically. I am interested in how this approach to political, epistemological, and ontological questions demands that we reconceptualize energy to account for the historical particularity of the concept and the phenomena of history and intersubjectivity, which (...) are eschewed in a purely materialistic and quantitative conception of energy. We will see how energy has been complicit in the racialization of black and indigenous bodies, and how the privileged place that the concept of energy has occupied in the canon of western physics has served to obscure the theological, metaphysical, and cultural assumptions that constitute it. (shrink)

Defensores do princípio da precaução propõem com frequência mudanças nas práticas científicas, para que elas facilitem o mesmo objetivo do princípio: evitar ameaças incertas ao ambiente ou à saúde humana. A ciência deveria ser uma ciência precautória. Apesar da importância prática da ciência precautória e da sua proximidade com os debates sobre ciência e valores, ela ainda não foi sistematicamente examinada. Neste artigo, pretende-se contribuir para a literatura sobre a ciência precautória de dois modos: sistematizando sua literatura prévia e propondo (...) uma definição de um de seus elementos principais, a precaução epistêmica, como uma orientação específica para a gestão de riscos indutivos. Conclui-se com algumas objeções que tal definição levanta, bem como caminhos de pesquisas futuras para abordá-las. (shrink)

En este breve ensayo Ivan Domingues, Profesor del Departamento de Filosofía de la Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais, nos entrega una reflexión metafilosófica que busca trazar un panorama de las posiciones metodológicas en la filosofía contemporánea. Deberíamos mejor decir tal vez que se trata de un mapa, ya que éste es el elemento en el que se insertan con mayor naturalidad las figuras de “la isla” y “el continente” que nuestro autor escoge para dar cuenta de los estilos o tradiciones (...) dominantes de la filosofía contemporánea. Se trata entonces de un mapa planeado para proyectarse sobre los métodos con los que se practica la filosofía hoy en día. El autor considera que la mejor línea divisoria es la contraposición del método de los experimentos mentales, por el lado de “la isla” y la centralidad que adquiere la historia de la filosofía en “el continente”. En la filosofía continental, nos explica Domingues, se hace filosofía haciendo historia de la filosofía. Esto incluye no sólo las modalidades que buscan imponer un cierre a la misma, ya sea bajo la forma hegeliana de la consumación o en la husserliana de la realización, sino también la forma más corriente en la actualidad en la que la reflexión filosófica se concreta como estudio del pasado filosófico (como historia de la filosofía) aunque bajo la forma de un enfático rechazo de los propósitos y aspiraciones que encuentra operando en el desarrollo histórico de la misma -en la historia de la filosofía- de allí las variantes de la Destruktion, la deconstrucción, y las diversas formas funerarias: muerte del Dios, del Hombre, etc. (shrink)

Der Denkweg Hegels kann als ein Bildungsprozess von Einheitsbegriffen angesehen werden. Dieser Weg lässt sich in zwei Phasen einteilen: eine spekulative und eine vorspekulative Phase. Die These dieses Aufsatzes besteht darin, dass der Begriff der Einheit sich innerhalb beider Phasen jenes Denkweges entwickelte und dabei die gleichen allgemeinen Formen annimmt. Von daher kann der Weg dieses Denkens durch einen Doppel-Begriff, den der spekulativen und den der vorspekulativen Einheit, rekonstruiert werden. Im Blick auf das Ganze lässt sich also sagen, dass beide (...) Phasen am Ende durch die fundamentale Entscheidung Hegels eines „Eingreifens in das Leben der Menschen“ verbunden sind. Und die letzte Form der Einheit in der spekulativen Phase – die der absoluten Idee – wird dementsprechend eine gewisse aufgehobene Bewegung der Subjektivität und der Objektivität sein, an der sich die Einheit als Freiheit zeigt. (shrink)

Die Beschreibung des Verhältnisses zwischen Hegel und Lateinamerika ist bis heute eine noch ungelöste Aufgabe. Die unterschiedlichen Zugänge zur spekulativen Logik des deutschen Philosophen, die innerhalb der lateinamerikanischen Region aufzufinden sind, beschreiben die unterschiedlichsten Denkmotive, Perspektiven und theoretischen Dispositionen. Dabei übersteigt Hegels Präsenz in Lateinamerika die Grenzen der Philosophie. Denn heute kommen wesentliche Forschungsbeiträge insbesondere aus dem Bereich der Sozial- und Geisteswissenschaften, wobei diese zumeist einen bestimmten Begriff der Hegelschen Philosophie hervorheben, um diesen dann in Beziehung zu ihrer singulären Disziplin (...) zu setzen. Auch wenn das Projekt einer Darstellung der Wirkungsgeschichte der Philosophie Hegels innerhalb lateinamerikanischer Wissensformen spannend sein mag, besteht das Hauptinteresse dieses Essays vornehmlich in der Diskussion zweier Rezeptionsarten der Philosophie Hegels in Lateinamerika, die als die Tradition „mit Hegel“ und die Tradition „trotz Hegel“ bezeichnet werden können. Das allgemeine Ziel der Tradition „trotz Hegel“ besteht in der Befreiung von einem europäischen philosophischen Erbe und diese Denkrichtung kann somit eher als die skeptisch-kritische Rezeptionsart gelten. Auf der anderen Seite entwickelt sich die Tradition „mit Hegel“ vor allem durch das Projekt eines deutsch-lateinamerikanischen Netzwerkes, das sich die Fortführung der Philosophie Hegels unter Berücksichtigung eines auch kontinentalen Austausches zum Ziel setzt. Diese Bewegung zeichnet sich eher durch eine immanente Rezeptionsart aus. Ihr Ansatz besteht in einem inneren – und keineswegs äußerlich-fragmentarischen – Gebrauch der Begriffe der Philosophie Hegels. Aus der Perspektive des Ganzen gesehen betont diese Strömung grundsätzlich die aktuellen Aspekte des spekulativen Denkens. Der folgende Beitrag teilt sich somit in zwei Abschnitte auf. Im ersten Abschnitt werden die dominierenden Bilder der spekulativen Philosophie dargestellt, die in den wichtigsten Entwicklungen der Tradition „trotz Hegel“ zu finden sind. Im zweiten Abschnitt werden die Spuren der Tradition „mit Hegel“ anhand des deutsch-lateinamerikanischen Philosophienetzwerkes thematisiert. (shrink)

La tesis de la privacidad linguitica nace con el gesto fundador de la filosofía moderna que apoya toda legitimidad en la subjetividad y la conciencia. Ello da origen a dos problemas filos�ficos fundamentales, concernientes al mundo y al solipsismo. El siglo XX creyó encontrar en el lenguaje una salida a estos problemas. Wittgenstein es allí una pieza clave. Sin embargo las interpretaciones más influyentes de Wittgenstein enfocaron la crítica del lenguaje privado de tal modo que la salida debía permanecer en (...) el terreno epistemológico de las garantías o criterio de corrección (Malcolm, Fogelin, Kenny, Canfield, Tugendhat). Sostenemos que la interpretación propuesta por Kripke se apoya un un agudo diagnóstico de la fuente de estas dificultades, dándose cuenta que la refutación del lenguaje privado requería abandonar toda una concepción, la del realismo, que afectaban por igual al lenguaje privado y al público. Su argumentación, centrada en la semántica, irradia consecuencias más allá de la misma. Su "solución escéptica" al establecer que los juicios de corrección, entendidos como básicos y primitivos, sólo poseen sentido en el marco de una comunidad uniforme en sus juicios, coloca al discurso filosófico en un nuevo terreno. (shrink)

The methodological differences of understanding, versus explaining, have been at the centre of a century-long methodenstreit debate (and disagreement) among philosophers and scientists. Karl Jaspers managed to import this discussion to the realm of psychiatry and psychopathology in a significant, but unresolved, manner. Side-tracked by the advent of various changes in psychiatry during the 20th century, phenomenology and philosophy of psychiatry have made a comeback in the last decades and, since then, developed new contributions to this subject. Quite similarly, the (...) study of time experience, standing on the shoulders of notorious philosophers, has too witnessed a similar renaissance, with groundbreaking developments across several conditions, including depression. The present essay is essentially exploratory, but during its development, after addressing the concepts of the methodenstreit debate, and tackling both meaningful and causal connections behind time dysperception in depression, I argue that understanding, at least in this context and at present time, is not entirely reducible to causal explanations, for some things are only gained in understanding, such as the feeling of being understood and the implications it carries for a therapeutic relationship and the treatment plan. (shrink)

The purpose of this essay is to provide a diffractive reading of the concept of ressentiment through decolonial theory. I would like to see what sort of light this sheds on the psychological undercurrents that impose barriers on colonial and decolonial thought, as well as on the conceptual dynamism of ressentiment. This essay is split into two different experiments in thought. The first will be to diffract ressentiment through the works of Gloria Anzaldúa, Édouard Glissant, and Gilles Deleuze. To this (...) end, I will begin by providing an analysis of ressentiment as developed by Nietzsche in On the Genealogy of Morals and then supplement this with Deleuze’s analysis of ressentiment in Nietzsche & Philosophy. I will create a bridge with decolonial thought by interpreting Anzaldúa’s concept of the nopal de castilla and mestiza consciousness through the interpretive lens of ressentiment to show the affinity that exists between the work of Anzaldúa and Nietzsche. I will finish the first experiment by looking at ressentiment through some of the concepts Glissant offers us in the Poetics of Relation. In particular, I will argue that ressentiment resists the creolization of identity and culture, and that Glissant’s demand for the right to opacity for all is the sign of a thinking that has overcome ressentiment. The second experiment is to diffract ressentiment through Eduardo Viveiros de Castro’s Cannibal Metaphysics, beginning with an analysis of the most relevant points of that text for our discussion then putting our diffracted version of ressentiment in conversation with Amerindian perspectivism. However, this does not mean that I am aiming at a synthesis of ressentiment with Amerindian perspectivism. Rather, in the spirit of the Brazilian author’s post-structural anthropology, this essay sees only a disjunctive synthesis of the two: a ressentiment becoming-Amerindian perspectivism and an Amerindian perspectivism-becoming-ressentiment (we will focus on developing the former). I hope that, by the end of this experiment, we may have a richer conceptual understanding of ressentiment by offering this concept an image of itself that only our decolonial thinkers and an Amerindian perspective can offer. (shrink)

A short review of the literature on the business initiative of 'Economy of Communion', plus a summary of the articles published in this issue. In Portuguese.

(CONTENIDO: LA FILOSOFÍA DE ALTHUSSER A 50 AÑOS DE LIRE LE CAPITAL Pedro Karczmarczyk, 3; DISCURSO Y DECRETO: SPINOZA ALTHUSSER Y PÊCHEUX Warren Montag 11; ALTHUSSER LECTOR DE GRAMSCI Vittorio Morfino 43 LAS ABSTRACCIONES, ENTRE LA IDEOLOGÍA Y LA CIENCIA João Quartim de Moraes 67 ELOGIO DEL TEORICISMO. PRÁCTICA TEÓRICA E INCONSCIENTE FILOSÓFICO EN LA PROBLEMÁTICA ALTHUSSERIANA, Natalia Romé 85 MARXISMO Y FEMINISMO: EL RECOMIENZO DE UNA PROBLEMÁTICA1 115 Luisina Bolla* / Pedro Karczmarczyk* 115 RRESEÑAS El materialismo de (...) Althusser. Más allá del telos y del Eschaton de Vittorio Morfino, por Valentín Huarte 153; El sujeto en cuestión, Pedro Karczmarczyk (ed.) por Constanza Storani; 159 La posición materialista. El pensamiento de L. Althusser entre la práctica teórica y la práctica política, de Natalia Romé, por Ingrid Sarchman y Carolina Collazo 164. (shrink)

Ian Rumfitt (2000) developed a bilateralist account of logic in which the meaning of the connectives is given by conditions on asserted and rejected sentences. An additional set of inference rules, the coordination principles, determines the interaction of assertion and rejection. Fernando Ferreira (2008) found this account defective, as Rumfitt must state the coordination principles for arbitrary complex sentences. Rumfitt (2008) has a reply, but we argue that the problem runs deeper than he acknowledges and is in fact related to (...) the challenge of establishing proof-theoretic harmony. We motivate a distinctively bilateral criterion for harmony and show how the bilateralist can meet it. This also resolves Ferreira's complaint. (shrink)

We present a new metaphysical framework for physics that is conceptually clear, ontologically parsimonious, and empirically adequate. This framework relies on the notion of self-subsisting structure, that is, a set of fundamental physical elements whose individuation and behavior are described in purely relational terms, without any need for a background spacetime. Although the specification of the fundamental elements of the ontology depends on the particular physical domain considered---and is thus susceptible to scientific progress---, the empirically successful structural features of the (...) framework are preserved through theory change. The kinematics and dynamics of these self-subsisting structures are technically implemented using the theoretical framework of Pure Shape Dynamics, which provides a completely relational physical description of a system in terms of the intrinsic geometry of a suitably defined space called shape space. (shrink)

O leite é um dos produtos que mais contribuíram para a economia brasileira e apresenta alto valor nutritivo, composto por 87% de água e 13% de sólidos como gordura, proteína, lactose, sais minerais e vitaminas. Por possuir tantos nutrientes ele se torna um ótimo meio de cultura para microrganismos, o que pode acarretar em prejuízos tanto para a indústria como para o consumidor, sendo assim é de suma importância garantir a sua qualidade. Uma das formas de avaliar a qualidade do (...) leite cru refrigerado é observando a contagem bacteriana total (CBT) ou contagem padrão em placa (CPP). A CBT pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores, dentre eles o tempo e a temperatura de armazenamento do leite. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou verificar como a temperatura e o tempo de armazenamento podem influenciar na contagem bacteriana total e no teor de sólidos do leite cru refrigerado. O trabalho foi realizado a partir da coleta de 6 amostras de leite recém ordenhado em uma fazenda localizada em Granada, distrito de Abre Campo – MG, e analisadas num período de 48 horas no Laboratório do Hospital Veterinário Gardingo. As amostras apresentaram crescente aumento na contagem padrão em placa desde a primeira análise após a coleta do leite, mesmo com a temperatura de armazenamento dentro do limite estabelecido pela legislação e relativa homogeneidade nos teores de sólidos. (shrink)